Semantics of Verbs Denoting the Direction of Movement in the Kalmyk Language

The study of spatial relations is currently one of the most relevant and interesting topics in linguistics. One of the means of expression are verbs indicating the direction of movement horizontally and vertically. These verbs have ample opportunities for
expressing spatial meanings, as well as their various shades. The research material was the data extracted from the texts of fiction published in the national corpus of the Kalmyk language, as well as the Kalmyk electronic library. Verbs of movement are determined by such signs as the method, environment, direction and nature of movement. In the Kalmyk language, horizontal movement represents a different orientation in relation to the landmark. In this group, verbs should be distinguished with the meaning of the direction of movement to the landmark (approaching a certain landmark, arrival, reaching the limit of movement, following a certain
landmark) – from the landmark (distance from the landmark, the beginning of the path), movement inside – from inside (outside), forward – backward, etc. The vertical movement value conveys the direction of movement up and down. The Kalmyk language is characterized by the use of complex verbs in analytical constructions that concretize spatial semantics. The role of spatial localizers, specifying the direction of the movement of verbs, is also important.